铝电解电容器用新型宽温高压工作电解液

采用异癸二酸铵为主溶质,乙二醇和γ-丁内酯为复合溶剂,制备新型宽温(-40~105℃)、高压(400 V)铝电解电容器工作电解液,并检测了该电解液和用该电解液生产的电解电容器的性能。测试结果表明,该工作电解液25℃时电导率达到1.6 mS/cm,闪火电压为480 V,-40℃下未见晶体析出;CD 110/400 V铝电解电容器试样的漏电流≤10μA,损耗0.03,容量变化率只有-3%。经过105℃高温贮存250 h后各项电气性能不仅优于国家标准,而且能达到严格的企业标准。     

Heat-release mechanism in ammonium dinitramide flame

To verify the adequacy of various models of heat release in ammonium dinitramide flame to real processes, chemical processes in products of thermal decomposition at a pressure of 10 torr and in ammonium dinitramide [ADN; NH₄N(NO₂)₂] flame at a pressure of 0.4 to 60 atm are numerically simulated. The calculations are performed on the basis of a detailed kinetic mechanism and boundary conditions correlated with experimental data, thermodynamic properties, and chemical composition of ADN. The kinetic mechanism includes submechanisms that describe high-temperature chemical processes in NH₃/N₂O/NO/NO₂/HNO₂/HNO₃ and NH₃/HN(NO₂)₂ mixtures, and the global stages of aerosol decomposition. Based on calculated and experimental data, the role of dinitraminic acid HN(NO₂)₂, aerosols, and ADN vapor in heat release in the ADN flame zone adjacent to the burning surface is estimated. The calculations predict that the main source of heat release in the cold flame zone at p ≥ 3 atm is dinitraminic acid incoming through the channel of dissociative evaporation ADN_liq → NH₃ + HN(NO₂)₂ from the burning surface. In the high-temperature flame zone, heat release is caused by the reaction that occurs in the NH₃/N₂O/NO/NO₂/HNO₂/HNO₃ mixture. At moderate pressures, the high-temperature and low-temperature zones are separated by an induction zone. The stage governing production of the OH radical, which plays an important role in combustion, in the induction zone is the reaction HNO₃ + M → OH + NO₂ + M. Because of a high activation energy of the stage, small temperature perturbations in the induction zone at low pressures lead to a finite change in the stand-off distance between the high-temperature flame zone and the burning surface. Therefore, small temperature perturbations in the induction zone, which are caused by admixtures in the sample or by heat transfer between the reacting gas and the ambient medium, may be responsible for disagreement between various experimental data and between experimental and calculated data on the stand-off distance between the high-temperature flame zone and the burning surface. In numerical calculations, the position of the high-temperature zone is effectively controlled by varying rate constants of elementary stages within admissible limits. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 64–76, September–October, 2007.     

缺氧/好氧SBR工艺去除亚铵法造纸废水中有机物的研究

采用反应期缺氧/好氧SBR工艺处理亚铵法草浆造纸废水,结果表明:该工艺同单一好氧工艺相比有机物的去除率可提高15%,节能20%,当缺氧,好氧时间比为1:1.5,反应时间为5h,进水浓度COD为1200～1800mg/L,COD负荷小于0.9kg/kgMLSS·d时,COD和BOD5去除率分别为76%～80%和93%～95%,出水COD和BOD5浓度分别为250～420mg/L和25～40mg/L,符合GB3544～92国家二级排放标准.     

Mussoorrie rock phosphate-pyrite mixture as phosphate fertilizer

Mussoorrie rock phosphate (MRP), MRP + pyrite (25% by weight), diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and nitrophosphate (NP) were compared in a field experiment as fertilizers for wheat. At 20 kg P ha^–1, MRP was only 6 per cent as effective as DAP. However, when it was mixed with pyrite, the efficiency of MRP increased to 64 per cent at 20 kg P ha^–1 compared with 97 per cent at 40 kg P ha^–1. The P requirement for a targeted yield for 4.5 t ha^–1 decreased from 39.4 kg P ha^–1 as MRP to 23.7 kg P ha^–1 as MRP + pyrite. Of the other P fertilizers studied, NP was as effective as DAP, whereas APP was 9 to 37 per cent more effective than DAP. However, the P requirement as DAP, NP and APP for a targeted yield of 4.5 t ha^–1 was similar (11 ± 0.5 kg P ha^–1).     

聚磷酸铵的研究进展

聚磷酸铵(APP)是一种重要的无机阻燃剂，是膨胀型阻燃剂的主要成分之一。介绍了Ⅰ-型和Ⅱ-型聚磷酸铵的结构、性质，着重讨论了Ⅰ-型和Ⅱ-型聚磷酸铵的合成方法、改性途径的研究新进展，以及Ⅰ-型聚磷酸铵到Ⅱ-型聚磷酸铵的转化机理、转化方法。研究目的在于制备难溶于水的聚磷酸铵。     

配位离子液体［3（CH3CH2）4N+Cl-·（NH2）2CO］的合成及表征

采用尿素和氯化四乙基铵为原料，合成了一种新型的配位离子液体，并通过红外和X－射线粉末衍射对其结构进行了表征。结果表明，尿素和氯化四乙基铵发生反应，使得原来尿素羰基峰由1690.72cm－1转移到了1619.10cm－1。由X－射线粉末衍射图可以看出，在2θ = 30.37°处有新的衍射峰。通过差热－热重分析，配位离子液体在室温到250℃可以稳定存在，与其他有机溶剂相比具有良好的稳定性。     

臭氧对钼酸盐和聚磷酸盐阻垢效果的影响研究

结垢是工业循环冷却水运行中最常出现的问题,对正常的工业生产会造成一定的危害。本试验采用水处理剂阻垢性能的测定———CaCO3沉积法对Na2MoO4.2H2O、聚磷酸钠的阻垢效果进行试验研究。采用Na2MoO4.2H2O和聚磷酸钠作为单一的水处理阻垢药剂时,若要达到85%的阻垢效果,两种药剂的投加量分别至少要400mg.L-1和40mg.L-1,在使用两种药剂的同时通入O3,则Na2MoO4.2H2O和聚磷酸钠的药量分别在20mg.L-1和30mg.L-1左右即可达到国家标准。结果显示,在O3的协同作用下,减少了药剂的使用量,提高了阻垢效果。     

弱酸性铵盐与碱性锌酸盐双缸套镀锌工艺及低铬钝化

总结了弱酸性链盐镀锌和碱性锌酸盐镀锌的优缺点，并综合两者的优点，提出了一种弱酸性铵盐与碱性锌酸盐双缸套镀锌工艺。钝化膜的性能得到了改善。     

2,4-D/CMC接枝物纳米粒子的制备与缓释性能研究

以羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）为基材，甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）为改性单体，通过乳液聚合制备了CMC-g-P(MMA-DMDAAC)共聚物，采用自组装方法负载2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）得到2,4-D/CMC-g-P(MMA-DMDAAC)纳米药物缓释体系。利用傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、差示扫描量热法（DSC）、热重分析（TGA）、扫描电镜（SEM）、粒度分析仪对其结构和形貌进行表征，并探究其载药性能和缓释性能。结果表明，2,4-D/CMC-g-P(MMA-DMDAAC)载药粒子呈笼状结构，粒度分布为160～425 nm；其载药率随着CMC∶MMA∶DMDAAC的摩尔比增大而提高，最高可达40.8%；其药物累计释放率随CMC∶MMA∶DMDAAC的摩尔比增大而降低，其释放行为符合Weibull模型，遵循Fick扩散机理。     

相转移催化氧化合成苯甲酸

研究了季铵盐CTAB催化高锰酸钾氧化氯化苄合成苯甲酸的反应。考察了CTAB用量、高锰酸钾用量、反应温度、反应时间对反应的影响。结果表明,合成苯甲酸的最优条件为:高锰酸钾与氯化苄的摩尔比为2∶1,CTAB的摩尔分数为氯化苄的8%,反应温度90℃,反应时间为3h,苯甲酸的产率可达89%。